{"id":571,"date":"2019-05-08T14:20:12","date_gmt":"2019-05-08T04:20:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/primaryforestsandclimate.org\/?post_type=publications&#038;p=571"},"modified":"2022-08-31T12:45:40","modified_gmt":"2022-08-31T02:45:40","slug":"regenerative-forest-economies-micro-economics-perspectives","status":"publish","type":"publications","link":"https:\/\/primaryforestsandclimate.org\/publications\/regenerative-forest-economies-micro-economics-perspectives\/","title":{"rendered":"Regenerative forest economies: Micro-economics perspectives"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"pl-571\"  class=\"panel-layout\" ><div id=\"pg-571-0\"  class=\"panel-grid panel-no-style\" ><div id=\"pgc-571-0-0\"  class=\"panel-grid-cell\" ><div id=\"panel-571-0-0-0\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_siteorigin-panels-builder panel-first-child\" data-index=\"0\" ><div class=\"publications-block panel-widget-style panel-widget-style-for-571-0-0-0\" ><div id=\"pl-w62774ab31a890\"  class=\"panel-layout\" ><div id=\"pg-w62774ab31a890-0\"  class=\"panel-grid panel-no-style\" ><div id=\"pgc-w62774ab31a890-0-0\"  class=\"panel-grid-cell\" ><div id=\"panel-w62774ab31a890-0-0-0\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_sow-editor panel-first-child panel-last-child\" data-index=\"0\" ><div\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tclass=\"so-widget-sow-editor so-widget-sow-editor-base\"\n\t\t\t\n\t\t>\n<div class=\"siteorigin-widget-tinymce textwidget\">\n\t<p>Presentation from Griffith University to the Global Landscapes Forum, Bern, 2019.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div id=\"panel-571-0-0-1\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_media_video\" data-index=\"1\" ><div class=\"publications-block panel-widget-style panel-widget-style-for-571-0-0-1\" ><div style=\"width:100%;\" class=\"wp-video\"><!--[if lt IE 9]><script>document.createElement('video');<\/script><![endif]-->\n<video class=\"wp-video-shortcode\" id=\"video-571-1\" preload=\"metadata\" controls=\"controls\"><source type=\"video\/youtube\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=OUKRjELL7jM&#038;t=500s&#038;_=1\" \/><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=OUKRjELL7jM&#038;t=500s\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=OUKRjELL7jM&#038;t=500s<\/a><\/video><\/div><\/div><\/div><div id=\"panel-571-0-0-2\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_sow-editor panel-last-child\" data-index=\"2\" ><div class=\"transcript-text publications-block panel-widget-style panel-widget-style-for-571-0-0-2\" ><div\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tclass=\"so-widget-sow-editor so-widget-sow-editor-base\"\n\t\t\t\n\t\t>\n<div class=\"siteorigin-widget-tinymce textwidget\">\n\t<p><strong>Transcript:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The world\u2019s primary forests remain under significant threat from damaging government policies and economic activities that promote deforestation.<\/p>\n<p>Logging for timber and clearing to make way for mining, cropping, grazing and urban development continue to make inroads into the remaining large areas of intact forest.<\/p>\n<p>This has well-documented impacts on biodiversity and greenhouse gas emissions, but it also impinges on the lives of the people who live in and depend on these forests for the food, water, materials and livelihoods.<\/p>\n<p>Globally, around 600 million people call the forests home. Many of these people are in tropical regions.<\/p>\n<p>A further 800 million depend - to an extent - on forests to provide for their livelihoods.<\/p>\n<p>As our economies find more ways to get more carbon into the atmosphere at an ever-faster rate, primary forests become even more important as stalwarts against rising emissions.<\/p>\n<p>We cannot solve the climate crisis without solving the deforestation crisis.<\/p>\n<p>Formally protected forested areas are necessary, but insufficient, for maintaining large areas of intact forest. Protected area forest is still being lost.\u00a0Preservation of tropical primary forests cannot only happen behind the fences of national parks, protected from incursion by timber getters, graziers and mining companies through regulations and fines.<\/p>\n<p>People live amongst these forests, earning their livelihoods from the ecosystem goods and services these forests provide.\u00a0The forests provide sources of subsistence food and materials and can supply marketable products they might trade.<\/p>\n<p>The forests are also the basis for their cultures and cosmologies. Their relationship to country is intimately tied to the cycles of nature, their patterns of natural resource harvesting, and to their connections between past, current and future generations.<\/p>\n<p>On a different scale, these forests are valued by the global community as one of the key global stocks of sequestered carbon. 25% of all terrestrial carbon is stored in forests. The importance of \u2013 specifically \u2013 intact primary forests as carbon stocks is only now being fully appreciated.\u00a0Together, these locally- regionally- and globally-experienced values represent a basket of benefits.<\/p>\n<p>The Economics of the Environment and Biodiversity project, or TEEB, encourages policymakers to recognise, demonstrate and then find ways to capture the benefits provided by ecosystem goods and services, which are often invisible to formal traded markets.<br \/>\nEnvironmental economics plays a role in demonstrating - or quantifying (often in dollar terms) many of these values.<\/p>\n<p>Economics can also play a role in designing schemes that can help forest communities begin to capture the benefits provided by conservation efforts.\u00a0The full spectrum of these ecosystem service values can be assessed through the concept of Total Economic Value, or TEV.<\/p>\n<p>Using the framework of TEV ensures all aspects of ecosystem service value - tangible and intangible, extractive and non-extractive - are accounted for.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Direct use values are those experienced first-hand and the output is consumed directly.mDirect value is gain from use of rival, extractive goods, such as the timber or wild animals, or the use of non-rival, or non-extractive services, such as tourism.\u00a0Many direct use values can be valued using traditional economic measures.<\/li>\n<li>Indirect use values start to get more difficult to consistently measure.\u00a0These are goods and services that people experience second-hand, as an outcome of ecological functions that would continue regardless of human activation.\u00a0For example, we benefit from a more stable climate, thanks to the forest preservation efforts of forest communities; floods are mitigated by the actions of upstream land managers in maintaining vegetation cover.<\/li>\n<li>Non-use values variously include bequest, vicarious and existence values \u2013 those values where our selves receive value from our knowledge that other people, or future generations experience value. Or from our own intrinsic, altruistic values we experience from nature.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Environmental economics techniques can tease-out these non-use values.<\/p>\n<p>The fundamental problem of environmental economics stems from the activities that provide value for one person are often in conflict with another.<\/p>\n<p>Trade-offs are needed, but often we lack the institutions to enable that trade-off.\u00a0Trade- offs are not only needed between different levels of environmental service delivery, but also often between different communities.\u00a0One group of people may be custodians of a habitat that provide ecosystem services to another.<\/p>\n<p>For example, forgoing income from the sale of timber, or refraining from clearing forest to make way for palm oil, is a cost to those undertaking the conservation, yet they have no mechanism to receive compensation. And the beneficiaries often have no requirement, to make good.<\/p>\n<p>Understanding where the value proposition lies is a key part of understanding how a forest conservation economy can be financed to both protect forests and improve human well-being.\u00a0Working out who benefits from conservation actions, and how and when they benefit is a starting point.<\/p>\n<p>Conversely, understanding whom forgoes opportunities or income \u2013 who pays the costs - is the obvious corollary.\u00a0For example, carbon sequestration services are - in the main - valued by the global north for whom mitigating emissions is the key motivating factor.<br \/>\nYet, the carbon is stored in forests managed by communities a long way away and for whom the preservation of these forests for carbon sequestration is the least of their concerns.<\/p>\n<p>Watershed services \u2013 such as the retention of forest cover to provide drinking water, or to reduce sediment flowing into coral reef lagoons, is a further example where one party is providing a service \u2013 clean water and a healthy reef \u2013 for which it may not receive compensation from another party \u2013 a hotel beach complex, for example, that is benefitting from these services.<\/p>\n<p>Exchanges of economic value such as these, need mechanisms that can enable that exchange.\u00a0One such concept is payments for ecosystem services, or PES.\u00a0PES is an exchanges of value for the retention of functioning ecosystems, often in the form of cash or in-kind payments in exchange for the preservation of habitats, often through a broker or an intermediary.<\/p>\n<p>Often this value exchange is international in nature \u2013 a transfer from the global north to the global south. However, such distances, both geographic and cultural, clearly cause difficulties for governance \u2013 In ensuring both parties upholds their commitments.<\/p>\n<p>PES schemes are characterized as being voluntary, fair, based on conditionality and being pro-poor.\u00a0They can come in a number of flavours, depending on the emphasis given to each of these four attributes.\u00a0Fully commoditized schemes are those that emphasize conditionality on the outcomes achieved \u2013 the amount of carbon stored in a reforestation project, for example.<\/p>\n<p>Other types of schemes emphasize behavioral change, such as refraining from earning income from deforestation, and less on outcomes. Often poverty reduction outcomes are included.<\/p>\n<p>Thirdly, there are hybrid versions that emphasize co-investment in landscape stewardship and local resource management, where the buyers and sellers of services are less well-defined.<\/p>\n<p>PES schemes from all three flavours will continue to play a role in tropical forest preservation.<\/p>\n<p>The micro-economics teams from Griffith University in Brisbane and Woods Hole Research Centre in the United States have been working with their inter-disciplinary colleagues on the Primary Forests project on three case studies, in Melanesia, Brazil and the Democratic Republic of Congo.<\/p>\n<p>Each of the case studies presents different challenges for understanding how the local economic factors and property rights arrangements impact on livelihoods from forest economies and PES schemes can be designed.<\/p>\n<p>To help start answer some these questions we are carrying out field studies in two social science and economics methods: discreet choice experiments and Q-method.<\/p>\n<p>We are also undertaking a systematic literature review to document the global state of knowledge on the economic value of the ecosystem services provided by primary forests.<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Q method<\/strong><\/em> (so called because it is an inversion of R-based survey methods) is a process of determining dominant discourses amongst groups of people. We look for commonalities in the way people look at the world.<\/p>\n<p>Q uses strategic sampling of respondents. We ask them to rank issues \u2013 most commonly on written cards \u2013 in a quasi-normal distribution, in answer to a \u2018primer question\u2019.<\/p>\n<p>The card set is constructed from a range of informal elicitation methods, including focus groups and interviews, where people are encouraged to discuss what issues within a particular domain are important to them.\u00a0As such, it can uncover non-hypothesized issues.<\/p>\n<p>Once all the sampling is completed, the data is subject to statistical analysis that looks for correlations between these sorts. The correlated sorts are considered dominant factors, or discourses.<\/p>\n<p>The last step is to describe these dominant factors in words. These descriptions can provide insight into community attitudes towards the domain in question, can uncover consensus items and can help refine the language with which to engage the community.<\/p>\n<p>We have performed Q on the island of Tanna, in the Republic of Vanuatu in Melanesia- seeking to reveal dominant attitudes towards natural resource management of the forests and the reefs in the context of environmental and social and economic change.\u00a0We used illustrators to ensure the cards and the process was well-understood and engaging.<\/p>\n<p>From the perspective of forest conservation, our initial findings from Tanna are encouraging.\u00a0The strongest correlation, by a significant degree, suggests there\u2019s a widely-shared discourse of environmental stewardship, based on strong and intimate connections between the community, the landscape and the resources it provides.<\/p>\n<p>This is bound-up with traditional practices, and community decision making structures into the concept kastom.\u00a0In the Democratic Republic of Congo, we are using a choice experiment to estimate community preferences for the ideal value of a PES scheme.<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Choice experiments<\/em><\/strong> attempt to reveal valuations of non-market goods and services, such as the ecosystem services provided by forests \u2013 where there are no markets, or surrogate markets through people can express the preferences.<\/p>\n<p>Respondents are asked to state their preferences through a series of choice cards -each containing a hypothetical trade-off between alternative outcomes, described in terms of different combinations of levels of delivery of a range of environmental attributes<\/p>\n<p>In addition, a monetary value (or \u201cprice tag\u201d) is normally included as one attribute \u2013 used to reveal compensation rates \u2013 willingness to accept -for loss of service, or payment rates for greater environmental services.<\/p>\n<p>When scaled-up these observations can provide aggregate values for ecosystem services.<\/p>\n<p>In this instance the choice experiment can be used to determine what level a payment for ecosystem service scheme might need to be in order to secure a continuous change in behaviour in how forest resources are exploited.<\/p>\n<p>In other words, how much would members of the community need to be compensated in order to reduce their impact on extractive activities in the forest.\u00a0The experiment will also seek to determine peoples\u2019 preferences for how a payment is administered and paid.\u00a0Are there preferences for payment in cash, or in-kind in goods and services, such as household items or community assets, such as schools and medical centres?<\/p>\n<p>Our findings will be able to help policy makers understand how PES schemes can be best designed to meet the local conditions and preferences. It can also reveal a price for purchasers of the environmental services.<\/p>\n<p>Lastly, we are undertaking a <em><strong>systematic literature review<\/strong><\/em>, guided by the overarching question of \u201cwhat is the value of ecosystem services provided by the world\u2019s primary forests?\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Our review has three steps.<\/p>\n<p>Firstly, we have identified the key literature through a broad-ranging search of four databases: SCOPUS, Web of Science, Science Direct and Google.<\/p>\n<p>Next we went through a screening process, checking for relevance and ensuring the material selected is relevant to our research questions.<\/p>\n<p>Finally, we undertake an eligibility and exclusion assessment, as part of our reading and documenting process.<\/p>\n<p>In our search, we assessed more than 14,000 results. 1,762 of these were deemed relevant, of which 385 were duplicates.\u00a0We are currently undertaking this third stage and beginning to analyze the data.<\/p>\n<p>Our goal is to build a database of ecosystem service values for forests, equal in depth to the originally TEEB ecosystem services valuation database created by van der Ploeg and de Groot in 2010.<\/p>\n<p>From our forests database, we can undertake meta-analyses of the data to ask more specific, or forest-type or location specific questions.<\/p>\n<p>Protecting forests is as much about people and livelihoods as it is trees, biodiversity and ecosystem integrity.\u00a0Understanding which ecosystem services are valued and by whom and by how much, can help stimulate the institutions required to enable the trade-offs in forest use and protection to be better reconciled.<\/p>\n<p>Harnessing the \u2018basket of benefits\u2019 provided by forests can help demonstrate alternative ways forest can be valued, instead of simply as a function of their timber or as agricultural land.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div id=\"pgc-571-0-1\"  class=\"panel-grid-cell\" ><div id=\"panel-571-0-1-0\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_siteorigin-panels-builder panel-first-child panel-last-child\" data-index=\"3\" ><div class=\"author-list-block panel-widget-style panel-widget-style-for-571-0-1-0\" ><div id=\"pl-w627744fcc4d0e\"  class=\"panel-layout\" ><div id=\"pg-w627744fcc4d0e-0\"  class=\"panel-grid panel-no-style\" ><div id=\"pgc-w627744fcc4d0e-0-0\"  class=\"panel-grid-cell\" ><div id=\"panel-w627744fcc4d0e-0-0-0\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_lsow-portfolio panel-first-child panel-last-child\" data-index=\"0\" ><div\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tclass=\"so-widget-lsow-portfolio so-widget-lsow-portfolio-default-5b537beead98\"\n\t\t\t\n\t\t><h2 class=\"widget-title\">Article authors<\/h2><div class=\"lsow-portfolio-wrap lsow-gapless-grid\"><div id=\"lsow-portfolio-67a7ed646ebb2\" class=\"lsow-portfolio js-isotope lsow-fitRows lsow-grid-container  lsow-grid-desktop-1 lsow-grid-tablet-1 lsow-grid-mobile-1\" data-isotope-options='{ \"itemSelector\": \".lsow-portfolio-item\", \"layoutMode\": \"fitRows\"}'><div data-id=\"id-307\" class=\"lsow-grid-item lsow-portfolio-item \"><article id=\"post-307\" class=\"post-307 researcher type-researcher status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry project-partner-griffith-university researchfield-micro-economic-valuation\"><div class=\"lsow-project-image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/primaryforestsandclimate.org\/researcher\/andrew-buckwell\/\" target=\"_self\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/primaryforestsandclimate.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/andrew-buckwell-comp.jpg\" class=\"lsow-image skip-lazy no-lazyload exclude-me a3-notlazy wp-post-image\" alt=\"Andrew Buckwell\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" loading=\"eager\" srcset=\"https:\/\/primaryforestsandclimate.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/andrew-buckwell-comp.jpg 700w, https:\/\/primaryforestsandclimate.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/andrew-buckwell-comp-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/primaryforestsandclimate.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/andrew-buckwell-comp-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/primaryforestsandclimate.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/andrew-buckwell-comp-16x16.jpg 16w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><\/a><\/div><div class=\"lsow-entry-text-wrap \"><h3 class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/primaryforestsandclimate.org\/researcher\/andrew-buckwell\/\" title=\"Andrew Buckwell\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"bookmark\">Andrew Buckwell<\/a><\/h3><div class=\"entry-summary\">Andrew is a Research Fellow at Griffith Business School with experience as an applied environmental economist focussed on micro-economic valuation and community preferences for natural resource use. <\/div><\/div><\/article><!-- .hentry --><\/div><div data-id=\"id-309\" class=\"lsow-grid-item lsow-portfolio-item \"><article id=\"post-309\" class=\"post-309 researcher type-researcher status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry project-partner-griffith-university researchfield-micro-economic-valuation\"><div class=\"lsow-project-image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/primaryforestsandclimate.org\/researcher\/chris-fleming\/\" target=\"_self\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/primaryforestsandclimate.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/chris-fleming-1.jpeg\" class=\"lsow-image skip-lazy no-lazyload exclude-me a3-notlazy wp-post-image\" alt=\"Chris Fleming\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" loading=\"eager\" srcset=\"https:\/\/primaryforestsandclimate.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/chris-fleming-1.jpeg 480w, https:\/\/primaryforestsandclimate.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/chris-fleming-1-300x300.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/primaryforestsandclimate.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/chris-fleming-1-150x150.jpeg 150w, https:\/\/primaryforestsandclimate.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/chris-fleming-1-16x16.jpeg 16w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\" \/><\/a><\/div><div class=\"lsow-entry-text-wrap \"><h3 class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/primaryforestsandclimate.org\/researcher\/chris-fleming\/\" title=\"Chris Fleming\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"bookmark\">Chris Fleming<\/a><\/h3><div class=\"entry-summary\">Chris is a Professor of Economics and Dean (Research) at the Griffith Business School. He teaches, researches, consults and provides public policy advice on the economic determinants of well-being and the sustainable management of the world around us.<\/div><\/div><\/article><!-- .hentry --><\/div><div data-id=\"id-311\" class=\"lsow-grid-item lsow-portfolio-item \"><article id=\"post-311\" class=\"post-311 researcher type-researcher status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry project-partner-griffith-university researchfield-micro-economic-valuation\"><div class=\"lsow-project-image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/primaryforestsandclimate.org\/researcher\/fitalew-taye\/\" target=\"_self\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/primaryforestsandclimate.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/fitalew-taye.jpeg\" class=\"lsow-image skip-lazy no-lazyload exclude-me a3-notlazy wp-post-image\" alt=\"Fitalew Taye\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" loading=\"eager\" srcset=\"https:\/\/primaryforestsandclimate.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/fitalew-taye.jpeg 450w, https:\/\/primaryforestsandclimate.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/fitalew-taye-300x300.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/primaryforestsandclimate.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/fitalew-taye-150x150.jpeg 150w, https:\/\/primaryforestsandclimate.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/fitalew-taye-16x16.jpeg 16w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><\/a><\/div><div class=\"lsow-entry-text-wrap \"><h3 class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/primaryforestsandclimate.org\/researcher\/fitalew-taye\/\" title=\"Fitalew Taye\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"bookmark\">Fitalew Taye<\/a><\/h3><div class=\"entry-summary\">Fitalew is an environmental and resource economist whose research focuses on non-market valuation of environmental goods and services. <\/div><\/div><\/article><!-- .hentry --><\/div><div data-id=\"id-306\" class=\"lsow-grid-item lsow-portfolio-item \"><article id=\"post-306\" class=\"post-306 researcher type-researcher status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry project-partner-woodwell-climate-research-center researchfield-micro-economic-valuation\"><div class=\"lsow-project-image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/primaryforestsandclimate.org\/researcher\/glenn-bush\/\" target=\"_self\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/primaryforestsandclimate.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/GlennBush2sq-300x300-1.jpg\" class=\"lsow-image skip-lazy no-lazyload exclude-me a3-notlazy wp-post-image\" alt=\"Dr Glenn Bush\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" loading=\"eager\" srcset=\"https:\/\/primaryforestsandclimate.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/GlennBush2sq-300x300-1.jpg 300w, https:\/\/primaryforestsandclimate.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/GlennBush2sq-300x300-1-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/primaryforestsandclimate.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/GlennBush2sq-300x300-1-16x16.jpg 16w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/div><div class=\"lsow-entry-text-wrap \"><h3 class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/primaryforestsandclimate.org\/researcher\/glenn-bush\/\" title=\"Glenn Bush\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"bookmark\">Glenn Bush<\/a><\/h3><div class=\"entry-summary\">Dr. Glenn Bush is an environmental economist driven by a desire to find equitable resolutions to the long-standing conflict between human development and environmental conservation. <\/div><\/div><\/article><!-- .hentry --><\/div><\/div><!-- .lsow-portfolio --><\/div><!-- .lsow-portfolio-wrap --><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The micro-economics teams from Griffith University and Woods Hole Climate Research Center introduce how environmental economics can play a role in demonstrating &#8211; or quantifying (often in dollar terms) many forest values &#8211; and economics can also play a role in designing schemes that can help forest communities begin to capture the benefits provided by conservation efforts.  <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":[26,28,29,32],"featured_media":572,"menu_order":0,"template":"","format":"standard","researchfield":[9],"publicationtype":[60],"case_study":[48],"class_list":["post-571","publications","type-publications","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","researchfield-micro-economic-valuation","publicationtype-presentation","author-andrew-buckwell","author-chris-fleming","author-fitalew-taye","author-glenn-bush","case_study-global"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v24.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Regenerative forest economies: Micro-economics perspectives - Primary Forests &amp; Climate Program<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The micro-economics teams from Griffith University and Woods Hole Climate Research Center introduce how environmental economics can play a role in demonstrating - or quantifying (often in dollar terms) many forest values - and economics can also play a role in designing schemes that can help forest communities begin to capture the benefits provided by conservation efforts.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/primaryforestsandclimate.org\/publications\/regenerative-forest-economies-micro-economics-perspectives\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Regenerative forest economies: Micro-economics perspectives - Primary Forests &amp; 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